Canada's sawmill industry: forests, provinces, softwood lumber trade and technology

Summary for mill operators and buyers

Almost all Canadian sawn softwood comes from public (Crown) forests that provincial governments allocate to mills through licences and price through stumpage. Four facts frame the industry as of 26 October 2026:

• Supply is shrinking. Industrial roundwood harvest was 115 million m³ in 2023 against a 2004 peak of 208 million m³ (National Forestry Database via Environment and Climate Change Canada).
• Output and capacity are down. Softwood lumber production fell about 26% from 2017 to 2024 (RBC Economics). BC's count of large sawmills fell from 76 (2011) to 59 (2023) (BC Ministry of Forests).
• Trade remedies are volatile and layered. Combined anti-dumping and countervailing duty rates for the typical ("all others") exporter ranged from 8.05% to 35.16% between 2023 and 2025 and were reset on 19 October 2026 (seventh administrative review). A separate 10% U.S. Section 232 tariff on softwood lumber has applied since 14 October 2025.
• The U.S. dominates exports. The U.S. took about 71% of BC's 2025 lumber export value; Japan and China are the main alternatives.

Every figure below is tagged with year and source; closing sections list what could not be verified.

Forest resource and harvest

Natural Resources Canada (NRCan), in its State of Canada's Forests infographic (2022 edition), reports a total forest area of 362 million hectares, about 9% of the world's forests, with roughly 90% publicly owned (2021). Forest types are about 70% coniferous, 14% mixedwood and 12% broadleaf. The 2025 edition's statistical tables (2024 data) break down ownership of forest land as provincial 75.7%, territorial 12.8%, private 6.7%, Indigenous 2.1%, federal 1.7%, municipal 0.8% and other 0.3%.

Harvesting touches a very small share of the forest each year. NRCan reports about 670,000 ha harvested in 2023, roughly 0.2% of the forested land base, of which about 598,000 ha was Crown land and 71,500 ha private land (State of Canada's Forests 2025).

The long-run harvest series from the National Forestry Database, as republished by Environment and Climate Change Canada (ECCC), shows the structural decline. Sustainable wood supply (the sum of provincial annual allowable cuts plus estimates for other tenures) fell from 254 million m³ in 1990 to 210 million m³ in 2023. Industrial roundwood harvest peaked near 208 million m³ in 2004 and reached 115 million m³ in 2023.

Source: Environment and Climate Change Canada, "Forest management and disturbances" indicator (2025), using Canadian Council of Forest Ministers / National Forestry Database data. The ECCC page itself notes an inconsistency over whether fuelwood is included in the harvest column. 2024 harvest data were not yet reported on that page.

Own calculation: the 2023 harvest of 115 million m³ equals about 55% of the 210 million m³ sustainable wood supply, and about 45% below the 2004 peak. Harvest is therefore limited by markets, access and fire as much as by legal allowable cuts. NRCan's 2025 report states that the 2023 record fire season limited harvesting in several provinces.

Harvest by province, 2023

The NRCan 2025 report's statistical tables (National Forestry Database, "Forest management, Harvesting, 2023") give the following volumes.

Source: Natural Resources Canada, State of Canada's Forests 2025 statistical tables (National Forestry Database). The provincial rows sum to 116.82 million m³, 14,340 m³ more than the published national total; the difference is rounding or table-level adjustment and is not explained in the source. The 116.8 million m³ figure also differs from the 114.9 million m³ "industrial roundwood" figure in the same report, which suggests the table includes some non-industrial volume (unverified).

Five provinces (British Columbia, Québec, Alberta, Ontario, New Brunswick) account for about 91.6% of the national harvest. British Columbia and Québec alone supply over 56%.

Tenure and stumpage: how Crown timber reaches a sawmill

Roughly 94% of Canadian lumber comes from Crown land subject to stumpage fees, according to RBC Economics (February 2026). That fact is the heart of the U.S. subsidy allegation: stumpage is administratively set rather than the product of a fully competitive market. Each province operates its own system.

British Columbia

The BC Ministry of Forests publishes the allowable annual cut (AAC) apportionment by tenure type. On 13 August 2026 (effective 14 August 2026) the provincial summary showed a total AAC of 55,359,798 m³ (44,370,011 m³ in timber supply areas and 10,989,787 m³ in tree farm licences). Apportioned volume was 56,494,359 m³, 102.05% of AAC.

Source: BC Ministry of Forests, Provincial Summary AAC Apportionment report APTR032, 13 August 2026. Rows are selected; minor categories are omitted, so rows do not sum to the total.

Stumpage in the BC Interior is calculated monthly by the Timber Pricing Branch from published appraisal parameters. A 2022 parameter memo shows the inputs: lumber values in dollars per thousand board measure by appraisal zone and species group (three-month average), the BC consumer price index, a Bank of Canada exchange rate, the 12-month Interior harvest volume (36.00 million m³ in that memo) and an "estimated winning bid" adjustment linked to BC Timber Sales auctions. The memo does not explain how these combine, and the BC government's general timber pricing page does not describe the Market Pricing System in detail. This article therefore does not reproduce the formula (see Limits).

Québec

The Sustainable Forest Development Act took effect on 1 April 2013 and replaced the older Timber Supply and Forest Management Agreements with "supply guarantees" (garanties d'approvisionnement), according to the Ministère des Ressources naturelles et des Forêts (MRNF). A guarantee gives a named mill the right to buy a set annual volume by species group and region. The ministry held back part of the available volume for an open timber market. The Bureau de mise en marché des bois (BMMB) sets the annual fee and the price per cubic metre for guaranteed volumes, based on prices obtained at auctions of public-forest timber. The MRNF fact sheet does not state the percentage held back for auction.

The Chief Forester set Québec's 2023-2028 allowable cut at 35,115,100 m³ per year, +3% from 34,148,000 m³ in 2018-2023 (presentation of 17 November 2021). Softwood is about 24.3 million m³ and hardwood about 10.8 million m³ (own calculation from the group totals). The same presentation lists reductions from protected areas (about 4.5 million m³ per year), caribou habitat plans (over 1 million m³ per year) and a 20% precautionary fire-related reduction in two northern units. This determination predates the 2023 fire season, so it is a planning figure, not a measure of what can be harvested.

Ontario

Ontario's Ministry of Natural Resources describes total Crown timber charges as three parts: a stumpage price (made of a minimum price adjusted annually on 1 April by species and product sector, plus a residual value price adjusted monthly according to market prices); a Forestry Futures Trust charge, which funds renewal of areas damaged by fire, blowdown or disease; and a Forest Renewal Trust charge. A $1.00 per m³ administration charge applies to trees exported outside Canada for manufacturing. The published dataset gives no formula and no single rate. Stumpage matrices are published by fiscal year.

New Brunswick

New Brunswick mills receive Crown timber by signing a Forest Management Agreement under the Crown Lands and Forests Act. Applicants must own, operate or agree to build a wood-processing facility in the province and have a 10-year industrial plan approved. Volumes are set in a schedule to each agreement. The government page does not give stumpage rates or volume figures. In the trade dispute, New Brunswick is treated differently from the Atlantic provinces that are outside the duty orders (see below).

Mountain pine beetle, wildfire and the supply squeeze

Mountain pine beetle

The BC government dates the major outbreak to 1999-2015 and describes a loss of "millions of hectares" of lodgepole pine in the province. A 2012 Ministry presentation to the Special Committee on Timber Supply reported that 53% of merchantable pine had been killed to that point, that 2004 was the worst year of infestation, and that annual kill had fallen to 20 million m³ in 2011. That presentation projected cumulative pine mortality of 58% by 2021 (2012 model) and an annual kill below 5 million m³ by 2015. These are projections made in 2012, not outcomes, and are given here as dated model statements.

Management-unit AAC series were not retrieved.

Wildfire

The ECCC indicator, drawing on the National Forestry Database, reports 176,065 km² (about 17.6 million ha, own conversion) burned in 2023, against 15,762 km² in 2022 and 2,183 km² in 2020. For 2024 it reports 53,743 km². NRCan's 2025 tables give 2024 burned area of 5,374,344 ha across 5,844 fires, including 1,081,259 ha in British Columbia, 785,832 ha in Alberta, 936,746 ha in Saskatchewan and 265,200 ha in Québec.

NRCan states that the 2023 record season limited harvesting in several provinces and that harvested area in 2023 was under 1% lower than in 2022; the volume fell 13 million m³ to 114.9 million m³.

Mill closures and capacity

The BC Ministry of Forests mill list report for 2023 counts large lumber mills (capacity of at least 40 million board feet) as follows.

Source: BC Ministry of Forests, 2023 Mill List Report. Mills announcing closure in a given year are still counted as active for that survey year.

Across 2011-2023 the provincial count fell 22% and the Interior count fell 25% (own calculations). In 2023 those mills had a combined capacity of 10.5 billion board feet, output of 7.1 billion board feet and a capacity utilization of 68%, down from 79% in 2022. The Interior utilization was 69% (82% in 2022) and the Coast 61% (68% in 2022). Total log use by all lumber mills in the province, including smaller ones (116 mills), was about 26.5 million m³, down 16% from 2022. The report names permanent closures at Canfor's Chetwynd mill and Ledcor operations in 2023, and permanent shift reductions at Tolko's Soda Creek and Sinclar Group's Nechako.

The trend has continued. Canfor announced in late July 2026 that it would close its Fox Creek sawmill in northwestern Alberta by late summer, with a roughly $35 million writedown expected in the third quarter (Global News, 30 July 2026, reporting Canfor statements). Canfor's chief executive cited insufficient regional fibre, U.S. tariffs and weak markets, the end of the province's pine beetle management strategy, and the exhaustion of fire-damaged timber. These are the company's stated reasons, not independently verified. The mill employed more than 74 people according to Canfor's website as quoted. Canfor reported a Q2 2026 net loss of $19 million (company release, 29 July 2026).

RBC Economics (February 2026) reports capacity utilization in wood product manufacturing of 75% in Q3 2025, about 10 percentage points below a decade earlier, and a 20% fall in sawmill and wood preservation employment between May 2017 and November 2025 (BC -32%, Québec -13%).

Industry structure, production and exports

Production

Statistics Canada reports 2024 production of 47.895 million m³ of softwood lumber and 0.858 million m³ of hardwood lumber, with spruce-pine-fir at 42.816 million m³, Douglas fir and western larch at 2.323 million m³ and other softwoods at 2.756 million m³. BC Interior production was 13.967 million m³. NRCan's tables give 47.5378 million m³ of softwood lumber for 2023 and 47.8945 million m³ for 2024 (own calculation: +0.75%). Structural panels (plywood and OSB) totalled 8.64 million m³ in 2024.

Sources as listed. Employment is stated on three bases in NRCan's tables (194,040 national accounts; 176,210 Survey of Employment, Payrolls and Hours; 223,316 Natural Resources Satellite Account), so comparisons between sources require care. FPAC states the industry contributed $19.9 billion to real GDP in 2025 and supports nearly 200,000 direct jobs (association claim, August 2026).

Monthly Statistics Canada Sawmills releases show the more recent weakness. December 2025 production was 2,905.2 thousand m³, down 12.8% from December 2024, with shipments of 2,996.7 thousand m³ (down 5.9%). March 2026 production was 3,871.4 thousand m³, down 10.5% from March 2025, with shipments of 3,673.9 thousand m³ (down 12.5%). Both series are not seasonally adjusted and subject to revision. A full-year 2025 total was not retrieved.

Industry structure

The mandatory respondents in the U.S. administrative reviews are a proxy for the large producers: Canfor, West Fraser, Resolute FP Canada, Tolko and J.D. Irving, with many mid-size and regional producers under "all others." Capacity by company was not verified.

The Statistics Canada softwood lumber price index (January 2020 = 100) peaked at 328.0 in May 2021, fell to 130.7 by December 2022, bottomed at 114.6 in June 2023, recovered to 145.2 in December 2024, peaked at 148.6 in March 2025 and stood at 117.1 in September 2025. These are selected monthly points, not annual averages.

The Canada-U.S. softwood lumber dispute, 2017 to 2026

Background

The 2006 Softwood Lumber Agreement expired on 12 October 2015 (Global Affairs Canada, BC Government). The U.S. industry coalition petitioned the Department of Commerce on 25 November 2016. Commerce's final determinations on 2 November 2017 found dumping margins of 3.20% to 8.89% and subsidy rates of 3.34% to 18.19%, on Canadian imports valued at $5.66 billion in 2016 (Commerce press release). The U.S. International Trade Commission found injury on 7 December 2017, and orders were published on 3 January 2018, with duties applying to shipments from 28 December 2017 (BC Government timeline). The ITC maintained the orders after the five-year sunset review in November and December 2023.

Combined duty rates by administrative review

Rates are reset in annual administrative reviews (AR). The BC Ministry of Forests tabulates combined (AD plus CVD) final rates:

Source: BC Ministry of Forests, Softwood Lumber Trade Litigation page (rates as amended where the page lists amendments; accessed 26 October 2026). "n/a" means the page does not list a rate. The dates are those on the BC page; exact effective dates for cash deposits differ slightly by notice.

The seventh administrative review, final results (October 2026)

The U.S. Department of Commerce signed both final notices on 13 October 2026, with Federal Register publication scheduled for 19 October 2026. The review period is 1 January to 31 December 2024.

Sources: U.S. Federal Register public-inspection notices 2026-21296 (antidumping) and 2026-21286 (countervailing duty), October 2026; combined totals match the BC Ministry of Forests page. Federal Register public-inspection documents are pre-publication versions.

Own calculation: the all-others combined rate falls from 35.16% (AR6) to 24.75% (AR7), a drop of 10.4 percentage points; Canfor's falls from 47.59% to 31.11%. The antidumping notice is internally ambiguous on how the 10.64% non-selected rate is derived, and exporters never covered by any review keep the original-investigation AD cash deposit of 6.04%.

Canada can still challenge the results. It filed CUSMA Chapter 10 challenges to the sixth reviews in August and September 2025, and a binational panel dismissed challenges to the first and second AD reviews in September 2025 (Global Affairs Canada). The eighth reviews (calendar 2025 entries) were initiated on 9 March 2026, with Resolute and West Fraser selected as mandatory respondents. Those results will not arrive before 2027.

Global Affairs Canada states that Atlantic-certified lumber is exempt from AD/CVD but not from Section 232; RBC adds that Atlantic provinces other than New Brunswick are outside the orders because the U.S. views their pricing as market-based.

Section 232 tariffs on timber and lumber

A proclamation signed on 29 September 2025 imposed Section 232 tariffs effective 14 October 2025: 10% on softwood timber and lumber, 25% on certain upholstered wooden furniture and 25% on kitchen cabinets and vanities (Kelley Drye summary of the proclamation; Global Affairs Canada). The 10% applies in addition to AD/CVD duties. A subsequent proclamation on 31 December 2025 delayed by one year the planned increases on upholstered furniture (to 30%) and cabinets and vanities (to 50%), to 1 January 2027 (Global Affairs Canada). I did not retrieve the proclamation text itself; the lumber rate is from secondary legal and government summaries.

Section 338 tariffs, August to September 2026

On 24 August 2026 the Forest Products Association of Canada (FPAC) said that new U.S. Section 338 tariffs of 50% were hitting a broad range of Canadian forest products after negotiations collapsed, naming plywood, laminated wood products, fibreboard, paper and packaging as especially damaging (FPAC statement). The law firm Osler stated on 26 August 2026 that the Section 338 duties took effect on 22 August 2026 and do not apply to goods subject to Section 232, so that softwood lumber and timber remain under Section 232 at 10%. PwC Canada reported that on 8 September 2026 the U.S. expanded the list and that a modified scope took effect on 15 September. The sources differ in detail on the stacking of Section 232 and 338 duties, and I did not read the proclamations. Operators with mixed product lines (lumber plus panels, mouldings, millwork) should check the HTS-level lists directly. Canada announced retaliatory surtaxes on about US$27.6 billion of U.S. goods, including wood and paper products, effective 8 September 2026 (Osler).

Federal support

The federal government announced a package of up to $1.2 billion on 5 August 2025, described by Connect CRE (trade press) as $700 million in loan guarantees and $500 million in grants and contributions for diversification, plus $50 million for worker retraining and Indigenous-led business development; the article does not clarify whether the $50 million is inside the total. On 3 June 2026, NRCan announced nearly $130 million for 56 projects, including $14.9 million for Canada Wood Group market diversification in Japan, South Korea and China, $13.1 million for BC Forestry Innovation Investment, and $19.0 million combined for two FPInnovations programs (NRCan news release). The page lists no dedicated softwood-duty relief program in that release.

Exports: United States, Japan, China

Statistics Canada reports 2024 softwood lumber exports of 27.927 million m³, or about 58% of production (own calculation: 27.927 / 47.895). In the same analysis the shares of exports of all wood products were 86% to the U.S., 5% to Japan, 3% to China and 1% to the United Kingdom. The page's wording on which products these shares cover is not fully clear, so treat the percentages as indicative (partly unverified).

RBC Economics reports that Canada supplied about 87% of U.S. softwood lumber imports by value in 2017 and about 71% in 2025, that the U.S. imported roughly US$4.5 billion of softwood lumber from Canada in 2025, and that the U.S. sources about 30% of its lumber consumption from imports. Canadian export value fell about 14% and volume about 27% between 2017 and 2024.

British Columbia gives the most precise destination data. BC's Ministry of Forests reported the following softwood lumber exports for full-year 2025:

Source: BC Ministry of Forests, Forest Product Exports December 2025 (published 23 February 2026). The U.S. share of BC's lumber export value was 70.8% in 2025 and 74.8% in 2024 (own calculation); Japan was 9.7% and China 7.0% in 2025 (own calculation).

BC's total forest product exports fell 8% to C$10,612 million in 2025 from C$11,592 million in 2024. RBC reports that exports of targeted wood products to the U.S. fell about 11% in 2025, concentrated in Québec and BC.

Asia remains the policy priority: the June 2026 federal funding includes projects for Japan, South Korea, China, India and Vietnam (NRCan).

Indigenous participation: verified facts only

• NRCan's 2025 tables record Indigenous ownership of 2.1% of Canadian forest land (2024 data). That share is distinct from tenure or harvest rights on Crown land.
• In the BC apportionment report of 13 August 2026, First Nations woodland licences account for 2.02% of AAC, replaceable First Nations licences 1.40%, non-replaceable First Nations forest licences 1.02% and replaceable forest licences (First Nations) 0.02%, together about 4.5% of AAC (own sum). Community forest agreements (0.87%) are not all First Nations and are excluded from that sum.
• New Brunswick states that 15 First Nation communities hold commercial harvesting agreements with the Minister and receive about 5% of the total Crown forest annual allowable harvest, with royalty sharing for community programs.
• On 3 June 2026 NRCan's Indigenous Forestry Initiative awards included $1.11 million to Bingwi Neyaashi Anishinaabek (Papasay facility), $510,000 to Société en commandite Scierie Tackipotcikan and $480,000 to Skeetchestn Natural Resources, among others.

Indigenous equity in sawmills was not verified.

Mass timber and innovation

Policy and building code

In March 2019 British Columbia invited municipalities to adopt encapsulated mass timber buildings up to 12 storeys (up from six) as early adopters, ahead of the 2020 National Building Code, which that release said was expected to allow the same height (BC Government release of 13 March 2019). The Canadian standard CSA O86:24 sets design criteria for lumber, engineered wood panels and connections, replacing O86:19.

Demonstration projects and research

The University of British Columbia's Brock Commons Tallwood House in Vancouver is 18 storeys (17 mass timber over a concrete podium), 54 m high and was completed in 2017, with five-ply cross-laminated timber floor panels on Douglas-fir glulam and parallel strand lumber columns. Nine installers erected the mass timber superstructure in 70 days (Naturally:Wood project page, a promotional source).

Université Laval hosts the Chaire industrielle de recherche sur la construction écoresponsable en bois (CIRCERB), with three axes: designing, building and operating. Cecobois reports acoustic research on five-ply, 175 mm CLT floors and machine-learning prediction of sound insulation in light-frame walls, carried out in doctoral projects linked to CIRCERB at UQAC (Cecobois, November 2022).

FPInnovations is a private not-for-profit research organization working in forest operations, pulp and paper, wood products (lumber manufacturing, panels and engineered wood, building with wood) and bio-sourced products. In June 2026, the federal government announced $16.632 million for FPInnovations transformative technologies projects (automation, digital and low-carbon processes) and $2.368 million for a forest research institute initiative for 2026-2027 (NRCan). The same release funds $4 million for ELEMENT5 (St. Thomas, Ontario) to modernize a mass timber facility and add AI-assisted lumber grading, and $4.8 million for Intelligent City to build a facility producing up to 1,000 mass timber housing units a year.

The same release includes $37 million for residual fibre recovery through the Forest Enhancement Society of BC. Mass timber demand in m³ was not found in the sources.

Standards and grading

The National Lumber Grades Authority (NLGA) writes, issues and interprets Canadian lumber grading rules, including the National Grading Rule for Dimension Lumber, and calls itself the only recognized rules-writing body in Canada. The Canadian Lumber Standards Accreditation Board (CLSAB) approves and enforces the rules for "Canadian Standard Lumber," and the American Lumber Standard Committee (ALSC) Board of Review for "American Standard Lumber," which lets NLGA-graded dimension lumber be used structurally under Canadian and U.S. codes. NLGA monitors structural design values for Canadian species, approved by the CSA O86 technical committee and the ALSC Board.

CSA O86:24 is the Canadian structural design standard for wood, aligned with the National Building Code and using limit states design, covering lumber, engineered wood panels, timber-concrete composites, piling and connections (Standards Council of Canada record; published 30 April 2024). In June 2026, NRCan funded a $90,000 CLSAB project to improve moisture content correction tables, described as a way to reduce trade barriers.

Sustainability and certification

NRCan reports 161,562,595 ha of forest certified to third-party standards in 2024, with BC 42.7 million ha, Québec 42.7 million ha and Ontario 29.0 million ha. The 2022 infographic reported 158 million ha certified in 2021, 35% of the world's certified area (NRCan; certification Canada reporting differs).

Certification Canada's year-end 2023 summary gives certified area by standard:

Source: Certification Canada, 2023 Year-end SFM Certification Detailed Report, Canada Summary. Shares of the net total do not sum to 100% because of overlap (double-certified areas). The report does not state Canada's total forest area.

Own calculation: the 2024 certified area of 161.6 million ha equals about 45% of the 362 million ha forest area, but the two figures come from different years and the forest area includes non-commercial and protected land.

Current challenges, 2022 to 2026

1. Duty and tariff unpredictability. The all-others combined rate went from 8.59% (AR3, 2022) to 14.40% (AR5, 2024), 35.16% (AR6, 2025) and 24.75% (AR7, 2026), plus 10% under Section 232. AR8 will cover calendar 2025 entries and cannot be predicted.
2. Log supply and fibre cost. Harvest fell 13 million m³ from 2022 to 2023; Canfor cites fibre shortages at Fox Creek (company statement). BC apportioned 102.05% of AAC in August 2026.
3. Wildfire. 2023 was a record year and 2024 still saw about 5.4 million ha burned (NRCan).
4. Weak demand. RBC expects softer U.S. homebuilding and weaker Canadian housing starts in 2026 and 2027 (no figures given). March 2026 production was 10.5% below March 2025 (Statistics Canada).
5. Capacity and labour loss. Sawmill and wood preservation employment is about 20% below May 2017 (RBC); BC large-mill utilization was 68% in 2023.
6. Limited diversification so far. BC's 2025 China (C$287 million) and Japan (C$396 million) values together were 16.7% of BC lumber exports, against 70.8% to the U.S. (own calculation).
7. Wider trade-policy risk. Section 338 tariffs, Canadian retaliation and the unresolved softwood dispute affect panels and millwork as well as lumber (FPAC, Osler).

Sources used

• Global Affairs Canada, softwood lumber pages and FAQ (international.gc.ca)
• BC Ministry of Forests: Softwood Lumber Trade Dispute and Trade Litigation pages; Forest Product Exports Dec 2025; 2023 Mill List Report; APTR032 apportionment report 2026-08-13; Interior stumpage parameters Oct 2022
• U.S. Federal Register public inspection documents 2026-21296 (AD) and 2026-21286 (CVD)
• U.S. Department of Commerce press release, final determinations, 2 November 2017
• Kelley Drye, Section 232 timber and lumber proclamation summary (2025)
• Osler, Section 338 update, 26 August 2026; PwC Canada, September 2026
• Forest Products Association of Canada statements, 19 and 24 August 2026
• Natural Resources Canada: State of Canada's Forests 2025, 2024 and 2022 editions; news release 3 June 2026
• Environment and Climate Change Canada, "Forest management and disturbances" indicator
• Statistics Canada: lumber industry 2024 analysis; The Daily Sawmills releases
• RBC Economics, 25 February 2026
• Québec MRNF supply guarantees fact sheet; Forestier en chef presentation 2021
• Ontario Crown timber charges dataset; New Brunswick Crown timber allocations page
• Canfor Q2 2026 results; Global News Fox Creek article; Connect CRE (trade press)
• BC Government news release 13 March 2019; Naturally:Wood Brock Commons page; Cecobois 2022; FPInnovations; NLGA; Standards Council of Canada CSA O86:24; Certification Canada 2023 report; BC Wood (trade association)

Limits of this article

• AR7 rates come from Federal Register public-inspection copies and the BC government summary, not final printed notices; cash-deposit start dates may differ by days.
• The Section 232 and 338 proclamations were not read. The 10% lumber rate and its stacking with Section 338 come from secondary summaries that differ in detail; status after mid-September 2026 was not confirmed.
• BC's market pricing formula, Québec's auction share, and Ontario and New Brunswick stumpage rates were not found.
• Full-year 2025 Canadian production, national export values by destination and company capacity were not retrieved. Statistics Canada's 86/5/3% destination shares are ambiguous in scope. BC data cannot be extrapolated to Canada.
• Pine beetle figures are a 2012 projection, not a current assessment.
• Trade-press and association claims (Connect CRE, FPAC, Canfor, BC Wood, Osler, RBC) are attributed and not independently verified. Own calculations are labelled.
• Indigenous content is limited to documented tenure shares and funding announcements.