Off-axis compressive behavior of cross-laminated timber and glued-laminated timber

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Abstract

This study investigated the off-axis compressive behavior of three-layer cross-laminated timber (CLT) and glued-laminated timber (GLT) in short column specimens. Experimental results demonstrated that, unlike the off-axis compressive mechanical properties of GLT specimens, which gradually decreased with increasing off-axis angle, the off-axis compressive mechanical properties of CLT decreased with increasing angle up to approximately 45°, after which they began to recover. Finite element models were developed to predict the off-axis stress–strain relationships of CLT and GLT specimens, with the results showing good agreement with the experimental outcomes, though with lower predictive accuracy than the Richard-Abbott model. Moreover, a method for predicting off-axis compressive strength and modulus of elasticity was developed, and the results demonstrated that it can well capture the experimental results. This study aimed to reveal the characteristics of CLT and GLT under off-axis compression, to provide a better understanding of the influence of layup on their off-axis compressive performance, and offer a valuable insight into the effect of grain angle during manufacturing on the mechanical performance of both products.

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