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Sawmill and wood glossary: 150+ terms with Polish and German equivalents

A themed glossary of 390 sawmill and wood terms in 11 sections, from log measurement and sawing to drying, defects, grading, preservation, trade compliance, AI and safety, with Polish and German equivalents and short definitions based on the portal's articles.

Kraj / region badania lub danych: Europe and North America, as labelled

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Logs and measurement

Term	Polish	German	Definition
Roundwood	drewno okrągłe	Rundholz	Felled stems and log sections before sawing, the raw material of a sawmill.
Log	kłoda	Stammabschnitt / Block	A cut section of a felled stem prepared for sawing or peeling.
Long log	dłużyca	Langholz	A stem delivered in long lengths and cross-cut at the mill rather than in the forest.
Cut-to-length (CTL)	sortymentowa metoda pozyskania	Kurzholzverfahren	Harvesting in which stems are cross-cut to assortments at the stump.
Assortment	sortyment	Sortiment	A log class defined by species, dimensions and quality for a specific use.
Sawlog	kłoda tartaczna	Sägerundholz	A log of sufficient diameter and quality to be sawn into boards and timbers.
Pulpwood	papierówka	Industrieholz / Papierholz	Small-diameter or low-quality roundwood used for pulp, panels or energy.
Top diameter	średnica w cieńszym końcu	Zopfdurchmesser	Diameter at the thinner end of a log, the main basis for sizing and pricing.
Butt end	gruby koniec	Stammende / Fuß	The thicker, stump end of a log.
Taper	zbieżystość	Abholzigkeit	The decrease in diameter along the log length, which affects sawing yield.
Sweep	krzywizna	Krümmung	Gradual curvature of a log along its length, which lowers recovery.
Under bark	bez kory	ohne Rinde	Measurement basis excluding bark thickness.
Over bark	z korą	mit Rinde	Measurement basis including bark; the portal notes that volume bases must be stated.
Cubic metre solid (m3)	metr sześcienny (m3)	Festmeter (fm)	Unit of solid wood volume without air gaps between logs.
Cubic metre of exploitable timber	m3 grubizny	Erntefestmeter (Efm)	German harvest volume unit that deducts harvest losses from the solid volume.
Stacked cubic metre	metr przestrzenny (mp)	Raummeter (rm)	Volume of stacked wood including the gaps between pieces.
Stacking factor	współczynnik przeliczeniowy	Umrechnungsfaktor	Factor converting stacked volume to solid volume.
Log scaling	miara kłód	Holzvermessung	Determining log dimensions and volume for purchase and accounting.
Manual scaling	pomiar ręczny	manuelle Vermessung	Measurement with callipers and tape, subject to operator variation.
Log scanner	skaner kłód	Rundholzvermessungsanlage	An automatic measurement line that records the log shape, replacing manual scaling at many mills.
Log-end scanning	skanowanie czoła kłody	Stirnflächenscan	Imaging of log ends to estimate internal features.
Receiving yard	plac składowy	Rundholzplatz	Mill area where logs are received, measured and stored before sawing.
Wet storage	magazynowanie mokre	Nasslagerung	Holding logs under water sprinkling to limit drying and insect or fungal attack.
Debarking	korowanie	Entrinden	Removing bark from logs before sawing.
Cross-cutting	przecinanie poprzeczne	Ablängen	Cutting a log to length across the grain.
Log sorting	sortowanie kłód	Rundholzsortierung	Allocating logs to classes by dimension and quality before sawing.
Sawlog price	cena tarcicy kłodowej	Rundholzpreis	Price paid for logs; the portal treats log cost as the largest cost item of a sawmill.
State Forests (Poland)	Lasy Państwowe	Staatsforsten (Polen)	The Polish public forest enterprise, a main log supplier in Poland.
National forest inventory	wielkoobszarowa inwentaryzacja stanu lasów	Bundeswaldinventur (BWI)	Periodic sample survey of forest stock; Germany's fourth inventory refers to 2022.
Removals	pozyskanie	Einschlag	Volume of wood harvested from forests in a year.
Salvage harvest	—	Schadholzeinschlag	Harvest of damaged trees (storm, bark beetle), which shifts the log mix.

Sawing

Term	Polish	German	Definition
Sawn timber	tarcica	Schnittholz	Wood sawn lengthwise into boards, planks or beams.
Lumber	tarcica (US)	Schnittholz (US)	North American term for sawn wood, used with the labelled North American context.
Recovery	wydajność surowcowa	Ausbeute	Share of log volume converted into sawn products.
Lumber recovery factor (LRF)	współczynnik wydajności	—	North American measure of board feet obtained per volume of log input.
Yield	uzysk	Ausbeute / Schnittholzausbeute	Output of sawn product relative to log input, a core mill performance indicator.
Sawing pattern	plan cięcia	Einschnittbild	The planned layout of cuts across a log face.
Cutting pattern optimisation	optymalizacja cięcia	Einschnittoptimierung	Software choice of the best pattern from the scanned log shape.
Through-and-through sawing	cięcie równoległe	Mittenschnitt / Parallelschnitt	Sawing a log into parallel boards without turning it.
Cant	—	Mittelstück	The squared central part of a log after side boards are removed.
Flitch	—	Schwarte (Seitenbrett)	A rough slab or side piece cut from the outside of a log.
Slab	—	Schwarte	The outer rounded piece of a log with bark on one face.
Edging	obrzynanie	Besäumen	Trimming board edges to remove wane and bark.
Edger	—	Besäumsäge	Machine that trims board edges to a defined width.
Trimming	przycinanie	Kappen / Aushaltung	Cross-cutting board ends to length and removing defects.
Trimmer	—	Kappsäge	Saw that cuts boards to final length.
Kerf	rzaz	Schnittfuge	The width of wood removed by the saw blade, a direct loss of yield.
Sawdust	trociny	Sägespäne	Fine particles produced at the saw, a main residue stream.
Wane	—	Baumkante	Remaining bark or rounded surface along the edge of a board.
Band saw	pilarka taśmowa	Bandsäge	Saw with a continuous toothed band on two wheels, used for breakdown cuts.
Circular saw	pilarka tarczowa	Kreissäge	Saw with a rotating toothed disc.
Gang saw	—	Gattersäge	Frame saw with several blades cutting a log into boards in one pass.
Frame saw	trak ramowy	Gatter	Reciprocating saw frame holding parallel blades.
Chipper canter	—	Profilzerspaner	Line that profiles the log with chipping heads and saws side boards, common in softwood mills.
Headrig	—	Hauptsäge	The first breakdown saw of a log.
Resaw	—	Nachschnittsäge	Saw that cuts a board or cant again into thinner pieces.
Planing	struganie	Hobeln	Machining sawn surfaces smooth to final dimension.
Sorting line	—	Sortieranlage	Equipment that sorts sawn timber by dimension, grade and moisture.
Stacker	—	Stapler	Machine that piles boards with stickers for drying.
Sticker	przekładka	Stapellatte	Thin strip placed between layers to allow air flow in drying stacks.
Green sawing	cięcie surowe	Frischholzeinschnitt	Sawing undried logs, which leads to green timber.
Green timber	tarcica surowa	frisches Schnittholz	Sawn wood above fibre saturation.
Rough-sawn	—	sägerau	Sawn timber that has not been planed.
Nominal size	wymiar nominalny	Nennmaß	Stated dimension of sawn timber before shrinkage or planing.
Sawing tolerance	tolerancja wymiarowa	Maßtoleranz	Permitted deviation from the target size; sets the green over-sizing margin.
Hardwood sawmill	—	Laubholzsägewerk	Sawmill handling broadleaved species, where sawing is driven by grade.
Softwood sawmill	—	Nadelholzsägewerk	Sawmill handling conifers, usually high-throughput and dimension-driven.

Moisture and drying

Term	Polish	German	Definition
Moisture content (MC)	wilgotność drewna	Holzfeuchte	Mass of water in wood as a percentage of its oven-dry mass.
Oven-dry mass	masa w stanie suchym	Darrmasse	Mass of wood dried to constant weight, the reference for MC.
Oven-drying method	metoda suszarkowo-wagowa	Darrmethode	Reference test that dries a sample to constant mass to determine MC.
Green wood	drewno świeże	frisches Holz	Freshly felled wood with free water in the cell cavities.
Free water	woda wolna	freies Wasser	Liquid water held in the cell lumens; it leaves first in drying.
Bound water	woda związana	gebundenes Wasser	Water held within the cell walls; its loss causes shrinkage.
Fibre saturation point (FSP)	punkt nasycenia włókien	Fasersättigungspunkt	MC at which cell walls are saturated and cavities empty; about 28-30 percent in the portal articles.
Equilibrium moisture content (EMC)	wilgotność równowagowa	Gleichgewichtsfeuchte	MC that wood reaches in air of a given temperature and relative humidity.
Hysteresis	histereza sorpcji	Sorptionshysterese	Lower EMC on adsorption than on desorption at the same humidity.
Sorption isotherm	izoterma sorpcji	Sorptionsisotherme	Curve of EMC against relative humidity at constant temperature.
GAB model	model GAB	GAB-Modell	Multilayer sorption model used in the portal's China papers to fit sorption data.
Dynamic vapour sorption (DVS)	dynamiczna sorpcja pary	dynamische Dampfsorption	Instrumented sorption measurement used in the cited Chinese fir study.
Kiln drying	suszenie komorowe	Kammertrocknung	Drying timber in a chamber with controlled temperature, humidity and air flow.
Dry kiln	suszarnia komorowa	Trockenkammer	Chamber in which sawn timber is dried under controlled conditions.
Air drying	suszenie naturalne	Freilufttrocknung / Lufttrocknung	Drying stacked timber outdoors, with times estimated by the FPL method.
Drying schedule	program suszenia	Trocknungsprogramm	Planned sequence of temperature and humidity settings during a kiln run.
Dry-bulb temperature	temperatura sucha	Trockentemperatur	Air temperature measured by a normal thermometer in the kiln.
Wet-bulb temperature	temperatura mokra	Feuchttemperatur	Temperature from a wetted sensor; paired with dry bulb to find humidity.
Relative humidity (RH)	wilgotność względna	relative Luftfeuchte	Water vapour in air as a share of the saturation amount at that temperature.
Wood moisture meter	wilgotnościomierz do drewna	Holzfeuchtemessgerät	Electrical device that estimates MC from resistance or capacitance.
Resistance meter	wilgotnościomierz oporowy	Widerstandsmessgerät	Moisture meter that reads electrical resistance between pins.
Final moisture content	wilgotność końcowa	Endfeuchte	Target MC at the end of drying, set by the end use.
Moisture gradient	gradient wilgotności	Feuchtegradient	Difference in MC between the surface and the core of a piece.
Case hardening	—	—	Residual stress left by drying, with the shell in compression and core in tension.
Conditioning	kondycjonowanie	Konditionieren	Late kiln stage that equalises moisture and relieves drying stresses.
Equalising	—	—	Stage that brings boards in a charge to a uniform MC.
Kiln charge	—	—	Volume of timber dried in one kiln run.
Pre-drying	podsuszanie	Vortrocknung	Partial drying in air or low-temperature chambers before the main kiln run.
Heat treatment	obróbka cieplna	Wärmebehandlung	Process at raised temperature; with ISPM 15 requires a core temperature of 56 degrees C for 30 min.
Shrinkage	skurcz	Schwinden	Dimensional decrease as bound water leaves the cell walls.
Swelling	pęcznienie	Quellen	Dimensional increase as wood takes up bound water.
Tangential shrinkage	skurcz styczny	tangentiales Schwindmaß	Shrinkage along the growth rings, the largest of the three directions.
Radial shrinkage	skurcz promieniowy	radiales Schwindmaß	Shrinkage across the growth rings, about half of tangential in the articles' description.
Drying defects	wady suszarnicze	Trocknungsfehler	Checks, warp and collapse caused by uneven moisture loss.
Air-drying time estimate	—	—	FPL method estimating days needed to reach a target MC from climate data.
Dehumidification kiln	suszarnia kondensacyjna	Kondensationstrockner	Kiln that removes moisture by cooling air in a heat-pump circuit.

Wood structure and properties

Term	Polish	German	Definition
Sapwood	biel	Splintholz	Outer, living part of the stem that conducts water, usually lighter and less durable.
Heartwood	twardziel / drewno twardzielowe	Kernholz	Inner, non-conducting wood, often darker and more durable.
Ripewood	drewno dojrzałe	Reifholz	Wood in species without colour difference that is drier inside, as in spruce and beech.
Growth ring	słój roczny	Jahrring	Annual increment layer visible on the cross-section.
Earlywood	drewno wczesne	Frühholz	Lighter, thin-walled wood formed early in the growing season.
Latewood	drewno późne	Spätholz	Darker, dense wood formed late in the season.
Pith	rdzeń	Mark	Central core of the stem around which rings form.
Medullary ray	promień rdzeniowy	Holzstrahl / Markstrahl	Radial ribbon of cells that stores and transports material across the stem.
Cambium	kambium	Kambium	Thin growing layer between bark and wood that forms new cells.
Bark	kora	Rinde	Protective outer layer of the stem.
Softwood	drewno iglaste	Nadelholz	Wood of conifers (gymnosperms), with tracheids and mostly no vessels.
Hardwood	drewno liściaste	Laubholz	Wood of broadleaved species (angiosperms), usually with vessels.
Tracheid	cewka	Tracheide	Elongated cell of softwood that carries water and gives strength.
Vessel	naczynie	Gefäß	Wide water-conducting pore in hardwood.
Ring-porous	pierścieniowo-porowate	ringporig	Hardwood with large earlywood vessels in a ring, as in oak and ash.
Diffuse-porous	rozpierzchło-porowate	zerstreutporig	Hardwood with vessels spread evenly across the ring, as in beech and birch.
Resin canal	kanał żywiczny	Harzkanal	Duct in some conifers that holds resin.
Cell wall	ściana komórkowa	Zellwand	Wall of the wood cell made of layers with cellulose microfibrils.
Cellulose	celuloza	Zellulose	Crystalline polymer forming the main strength component of the cell wall.
Hemicellulose	hemiceluloza	Hemizellulose	Branched polysaccharide in the wall, strongly linked to moisture uptake.
Lignin	lignina	Lignin	Aromatic polymer that stiffens the cell wall and binds the cells.
Extractives	substancje ekstrakcyjne	Extraktstoffe	Non-structural compounds that influence colour, odour and durability.
Microfibril angle (MFA)	kąt mikrofibryli	Mikrofibrillenwinkel	Angle of cellulose fibrils in the S2 layer; a larger angle gives lower stiffness.
Grain	układ włókien	Faserverlauf	Direction of the wood fibres relative to the piece axis.
Slope of grain	odchylenie włókien	Faserneigung	Deviation of fibres from the member axis, which lowers strength.
Texture	tekstura	Textur	Relative size and evenness of the wood cells.
Figure	rysunek drewna	Zeichnung	Natural pattern on a cut surface from rings, rays, colour and grain.
Cross section	przekrój poprzeczny	Hirnschnitt / Querschnitt	Cut perpendicular to the stem axis.
Radial section	przekrój promieniowy	Radialschnitt / Spiegelschnitt	Cut through the pith, along a ray.
Tangential section	przekrój styczny	Tangentialschnitt / Fladerschnitt	Cut tangent to the growth rings.
Quarter-sawn	cięcie promieniowe	Riftschnitt / Spiegelschnitt	Boards sawn so rings meet the face at a steep angle, more stable.
Flat-sawn	cięcie styczne	Fladerschnitt	Boards sawn with rings roughly parallel to the face.
Anisotropy	anizotropia	Anisotropie	Different properties along the longitudinal, radial and tangential directions.
Density	gęstość	Rohdichte	Mass per volume of wood at stated MC; a main predictor of strength.
Oven-dry density	gęstość w stanie suchym	Darrdichte	Density from oven-dry mass and oven-dry volume.
Modulus of elasticity (MOE)	moduł sprężystości	Elastizitätsmodul (E-Modul)	Stiffness measure; the portal uses the characteristic value as mean divided by 0.95 in EN 384.
Modulus of rupture (MOR)	wytrzymałość na zginanie	Biegefestigkeit	Bending strength at failure of a beam.
Compression parallel to grain	ściskanie wzdłuż włókien	Druck parallel zur Faser	Strength in loading along the fibres.
Compression perpendicular to grain	ściskanie w poprzek włókien	Druck rechtwinklig zur Faser	Strength in loading across the fibres, much lower.
Shear strength	wytrzymałość na ścinanie	Scherfestigkeit	Resistance to sliding of fibres past each other.
Characteristic value	wartość charakterystyczna	charakteristischer Wert	Fifth-percentile strength or density value used in design.
Fracture toughness	odporność na pękanie	Bruchzähigkeit	Resistance of wood to crack growth.
Thermal conductivity	przewodność cieplna	Wärmeleitfähigkeit	Heat flow through wood, low and rising with density and MC.
Charring rate	szybkość zwęglania	Abbrandrate	Rate at which the char layer advances in a fire, used in structural fire design.
Weibull distribution	rozkład Weibulla	Weibull-Verteilung	Statistical model of strength used in the portal's poplar study.

Defects

Term	Polish	German	Definition
Defect	wada drewna	Holzfehler	Any natural or processing feature that lowers the quality or strength of timber.
Knot	sęk	Ast	Base of a branch embedded in the stem; the main strength-reducing feature in grading.
Sound knot	sęk zrośnięty	verwachsener Ast	Knot firmly intergrown with surrounding wood.
Dead knot	sęk wypadający	Durchfallast / schwarzer Ast	Knot of a dead branch not intergrown with the wood.
Loose knot	sęk luźny	loser Ast	Knot that is not held firmly and may fall out.
Knot size ratio	wielkość sęka	Astgröße / Astverhältnis	Knot width relative to the piece width, a criterion in visual grading rules.
Knot cluster	skupienie sęków	Astansammlung	Group of knots close together, treated more strictly by grading rules.
Check	pęknięcie	Riss	Separation of wood fibres along the grain, often from drying.
Shake	rozwarstwienie	Ringschäle	Separation along the growth rings in the standing tree.
Heart shake	pęknięcie rdzeniowe	Kernriss	Radial crack extending from the pith.
Wind shake	—	—	Ring separation attributed to wind stress in the tree.
Warp	wypaczenie	Verformung	Distortion from the intended flat shape, caused by drying or grain.
Bow	—	Längskrümmung	Curvature along the length in the plane of the face.
Crook	—	Krümmung (Seitenkrümmung)	Curvature along the edge in the plane of the face.
Twist	skręcenie	Drehwuchs / Windschiefe	Spiral deviation of the piece from a flat plane.
Cup	—	Querkrümmung	Curvature across the width of a board.
Collapse	zapadanie komórek	Kollaps	Cell collapse in some species during drying above fibre saturation.
Wane defect	—	Baumkante	Remaining bark or missing wood at an edge, limited by grade rules.
Reaction wood	drewno reakcyjne	Reaktionsholz	Wood formed in leaning stems with abnormal properties and high shrinkage.
Compression wood	drewno ściskane	Druckholz	Reaction wood of conifers on the underside of leaning stems.
Tension wood	drewno rozciągane	Zugholz	Reaction wood of hardwoods on the upper side of leaning stems.
Juvenile wood	drewno juwenilne	juveniles Holz	Wood near the pith with low density, large MFA and high shrinkage.
Decay	zgnilizna	Fäule	Breakdown of wood by fungi.
Red heart	—	Rotkern	Reddish-brown discoloured core in beech, treated as a grading feature in German-speaking rules.
Honey fungus	opieńka	Hallimasch	Armillaria fungus that attacks living trees and is named in the portal's pathogen article.
Brown rot	zgnilizna brunatna	Braunfäule	Decay that breaks down cellulose and leaves brown, cubical residue.
White rot	zgnilizna biała	Weißfäule	Decay that breaks down lignin and cellulose, leaving bleached fibrous wood.
Soft rot	zgnilizna miękka	Moderfäule	Decay by soft-rot fungi, typical in wet or ground-contact wood.
Blue stain	sinizna	Bläue	Blue-black discoloration by fungi in sapwood, which does not weaken wood much.
Mould	pleśń	Schimmel	Surface growth of fungi on wood at high humidity.
Insect damage	uszkodzenia owadzie	Insektenbefall	Holes and galleries made by insect larvae.
Pin hole	—	—	Small holes from ambrosia beetles, a grading criterion.
Bark pocket	kieszeń korowa	Rindeneinschluss	Bark enclosed in the wood.
Resin pocket	kieszeń żywiczna	Harzgalle	Cavity filled with resin in conifer wood.
Discoloration	przebarwienie	Verfärbung	Change of natural colour due to fungi, chemicals or oxidation.
Compression failure	—	—	Buckling of fibres from over-loading, a defect in grading.
Spiral grain	skręt włókien	Drehwuchs	Fibres running in a spiral around the stem axis.
Frost crack	mroźnica	Frostriss	Radial crack in the standing tree from frost.

Grading and standards

Term	Polish	German	Definition
Visual grading	sortowanie wizualne	visuelle Sortierung	Grading by inspecting features such as knots and grain slope against written rules.
Machine strength grading	sortowanie maszynowe	maschinelle Sortierung	Grading from non-destructive measurement of stiffness, density or both.
Strength class	klasa wytrzymałości	Festigkeitsklasse	Class such as C24 grouping timber with common strength, stiffness and density values (EN 338).
C24	C24	C24	Common softwood strength class; characteristic bending strength 24 MPa.
C30	C30	C30	Strength class used in the portal's Chinese poplar study as the stiffness-based class.
EN 338	PN-EN 338	DIN EN 338	European standard listing strength classes and their characteristic values.
EN 14081	PN-EN 14081	DIN EN 14081	European standard for strength-graded structural timber with rectangular section.
EN 1912	PN-EN 1912	DIN EN 1912	Standard assigning national visual grades and species to strength classes.
EN 384	PN-EN 384	DIN EN 384	Standard for determining characteristic values; characteristic MOE is mean divided by 0.95.
DIN 4074	DIN 4074	DIN 4074	German visual strength grading rules for softwood; grades S7, S10 and S13.
S10	S10	S10	German visual grade under DIN 4074, roughly comparable to C24.
INSTA 142	INSTA 142	INSTA 142	Nordic visual grading rules for sawn timber.
PN-D-94021	PN-D-94021	—	Polish visual grading standard for structural softwood timber.
Grade	klasa jakości	Güteklasse / Sortierklasse	Quality class assigned by rules for a piece of timber.
Select grade	—	—	Top visual quality class in North American lumber rules.
Machine stress rated (MSR)	—	—	North American lumber graded by machine-measured MOE with a visual check.
Machine evaluated lumber (MEL)	—	—	Machine-graded lumber classified by stiffness and tensile strength measurement.
Lumber grade stamp	—	—	Mark on timber that records grade, species group, mill and agency.
Dimension lumber	—	—	North American structural sawn lumber of standard sections such as 2x4.
Structural timber	drewno konstrukcyjne	Konstruktionsholz	Timber graded for load-bearing use under a strength class.
KVH	KVH	Konstruktionsvollholz	German finger-jointed or solid structural timber of defined quality.
Hardwood grading	—	Laubholzsortierung	Appearance-based grading of hardwood lumber and logs.
EN 975-1	PN-EN 975-1	DIN EN 975-1	Standard for appearance grading of oak and beech sawn timber.
EN 1316-1	PN-EN 1316-1	DIN EN 1316-1	Standard for qualitative classification of oak and beech round timber.
NHLA grades	klasy NHLA	NHLA-Sortierung	North American hardwood lumber grades: FAS, Select, No. 1 Common and so on, based on clear cuttings.
FAS	—	—	First and Seconds, the top NHLA hardwood grade (North America).
Tegernsee Customs	Zwyczaje Tegernsee	Tegernseer Gebräuche	German-speaking trade customs for hardwood and softwood timber.
Clear cutting	wolny od wad wycinek	fehlerfreier Zuschnitt	Defect-free section that can be cut from a board, basis of NHLA grading.
Finger joint	złącze klinowe	Keilzinkung	Glued joint of interlocking fingers joining short pieces into longer lengths.
Characteristic strength	wytrzymałość charakterystyczna	charakteristische Festigkeit	Fifth-percentile strength of the grade population.
Glued laminated timber (glulam)	drewno klejone warstwowo	Brettschichtholz (BSH)	Beams made of glued lamellae, with grading of lamellae by strength.
Cross laminated timber (CLT)	drewno klejone krzyżowo	Brettsperrholz (BSP)	Panels of layers glued with grain crosswise.
Laminated veneer lumber (LVL)	—	Furnierschichtholz (FSH)	Product of thin veneers glued with parallel grain.
Engineered wood product	wyrób drewnopochodny inżynierski	Holzwerkstoff / Ingenieurholzprodukt	Product assembled from wood pieces and adhesive with defined properties.
Lamella	lamela	Lamelle	Single board layer in glulam or CLT.
Conformity assessment	ocena zgodności	Konformitätsbewertung	Procedure that shows a product meets the standard, including factory production control.
Factory production control (FPC)	zakładowa kontrola produkcji	werkseigene Produktionskontrolle (WPK)	Documented in-house quality control required by product standards.
CE marking	oznakowanie CE	CE-Kennzeichnung	Mark showing conformity to EU product regulation.

Preservation and modification

Term	Polish	German	Definition
Natural durability	trwałość naturalna	natürliche Dauerhaftigkeit	Inherent resistance of heartwood to fungi and insects, classed 1 to 5 in EN 350.
Durability class	klasa trwałości	Dauerhaftigkeitsklasse	Rating from 1 (very durable) to 5 (not durable) for heartwood against decay.
Use class	klasa użytkowania	Gebrauchsklasse (GK)	Exposure class from 1 (dry, indoor) to 5 (marine) in EN 335.
Hazard class	klasa zagrożenia	Gefährdungsklasse	Older term for the exposure situation, now replaced by use class in EN 335.
EN 335	PN-EN 335	DIN EN 335	Standard defining use classes for wood and wood-based products.
EN 350	PN-EN 350	DIN EN 350	Standard on testing and classifying natural durability.
EN 351-1	PN-EN 351-1	DIN EN 351-1	Standard on preservative-treated wood and classification of preservative penetration and retention.
Wood preservative	środek do ochrony drewna	Holzschutzmittel	Biocidal product that protects wood against fungi or insects.
Biocidal Products Regulation (BPR)	rozporządzenie w sprawie produktów biobójczych	Biozid-Verordnung	EU regulation that governs approval and marketing of preservatives.
Pressure treatment	impregnacja ciśnieniowa	Druckimprägnierung	Forcing preservative into wood in a vacuum-pressure vessel.
Vacuum-pressure impregnation	impregnacja próżniowo-ciśnieniowa	Vakuum-Druck-Imprägnierung	Treatment cycle with an initial vacuum, pressure and final vacuum.
Penetration	wnikanie	Eindringtiefe	Depth to which preservative enters the wood.
Retention	retencja	Aufnahmemenge	Quantity of preservative in the treated zone per volume of wood.
Incising	nacinanie	Einschneiden	Cutting small slits in the surface to improve penetration in difficult-to-treat species.
Refractory species	gatunki trudno nasycalne	schwer imprägnierbare Holzart	Species whose wood resists penetration by preservative, such as spruce.
Copper-based preservative	preparat miedziowy	Kupferschutzmittel	Water-borne preservative with copper as the main active ingredient.
Creosote	kreozot	Teeröl	Tar-oil preservative with restricted use in the EU.
Coating	powłoka	Beschichtung	Paint or varnish film on wood surface for protection.
Constructive wood protection	konstrukcyjna ochrona drewna	konstruktiver Holzschutz	Design measures that keep wood dry, such as overhangs and drainage.
Wood modification	modyfikacja drewna	Holzmodifizierung	Treatment that permanently changes the cell wall to improve durability or stability.
Thermally modified wood	drewno modyfikowane termicznie	Thermoholz / thermisch modifiziertes Holz	Wood heated to high temperatures to lower EMC and raise durability, with reduced strength.
Acetylation	acetylowanie	Acetylierung	Chemical modification replacing hydroxyl groups with acetyl groups.
Furfurylation	furfurylacja	Furfurylierung	Impregnation with furfuryl alcohol followed by curing in the cell wall.
Resin impregnation	impregnacja żywicą	Harzimprägnierung	Filling wood with resin to raise hardness and stability.
Densified wood	drewno zagęszczone	verdichtetes Holz	Wood compressed to higher density.
Fire retardant	środek ogniochronny	Flammschutzmittel	Chemical that delays ignition and flame spread.
Reaction to fire	reakcja na ogień	Brandverhalten	Classification of ignition and flame spread by Euroclass.
Fire resistance	odporność ogniowa	Feuerwiderstand	Time a building element keeps its function in a fire.
Char layer	warstwa zwęglona	Kohleschicht	Insulating carbonised surface that slows burning of the inner wood.
Weathering	wietrzenie	Bewitterung	Surface change of wood outdoors by light, rain and microbes.
Decay hazard	zagrożenie biologiczne	biologische Gefährdung	Risk of fungal or insect attack for the given exposure.
Termite	termit	Termite	Wood-eating insect, a hazard class factor in warmer regions.
Wood-destroying insect	owad niszczący drewno	holzzerstörendes Insekt	Beetle or other insect whose larvae feed on wood.
Ground contact	kontakt z gruntem	Erdkontakt	Exposure in which wood touches soil, use class 4.

Residues and energy

Term	Polish	German	Definition
Sawmill residues	odpady tartaczne	Sägenebenprodukte	Wood left after sawing: chips, sawdust, bark and trimmings.
By-product	produkt uboczny	Nebenprodukt	Residue sold or used rather than discarded; the portal counts chips as sales.
Wood chips	zrębki	Hackschnitzel	Pieces of wood cut by a chipper, used for pulp, panels or energy.
Sawmill chips	zrębki tartaczne	Sägehackschnitzel	Chips from slabs and edgings, a main by-product stream.
Shavings	wióry	Hobelspäne	Planer residues, light and bulky.
Wood pellets	pelety drzewne	Holzpellets	Pressed fuel cylinders made from dry sawdust and shavings.
Briquette	brykiet	Brikett	Compressed fuel block from dry residues.
Particleboard	płyta wiórowa	Spanplatte	Board from wood particles bonded with resin, using chips and shavings.
Pulp	masa celulozowa	Zellstoff	Fibre material from wood chips for paper production.
Cascading use	użytkowanie kaskadowe	Kaskadennutzung	Using wood first for products and then for energy at the end of life.
Bioenergy	bioenergia	Bioenergie	Energy from biomass, including wood residues.
RED III	RED III	RED III	EU Renewable Energy Directive (EU 2023/2413) covering biomass sustainability.
Biomass boiler	kocioł na biomasę	Biomassekessel	Heating plant burning wood residues, often supplying kiln heat.
Combined heat and power (CHP)	kogeneracja	Kraft-Wärme-Kopplung (KWK)	Plant producing electricity and heat from one fuel.
Kiln heat	ciepło suszarnicze	Trocknungswärme	Heat supplied to dry kilns, often from residues.
Calorific value	wartość opałowa	Heizwert	Heat released on burning, which falls as moisture content rises.
Energy content	zawartość energii	Energieinhalt	Heat energy contained in the fuel quantity.
Carbon storage	magazynowanie węgla	Kohlenstoffspeicherung	Carbon held in long-lived wood products.
Biogenic carbon	węgiel biogeniczny	biogener Kohlenstoff	Carbon taken up by trees and stored in wood.
Life cycle assessment (LCA)	ocena cyklu życia	Ökobilanz	Method for assessing environmental impacts over a product life cycle.
Environmental Product Declaration (EPD)	środowiskowa deklaracja produktu	Umweltproduktdeklaration	Verified document reporting LCA results under EN 15804.
EN 15804	PN-EN 15804	DIN EN 15804	Standard for core rules of EPDs of construction products.
Global warming potential (GWP)	potencjał tworzenia efektu cieplarnianego	Treibhauspotenzial	LCA indicator in kg CO2-equivalent.
Functional unit	jednostka funkcjonalna	funktionelle Einheit	Reference quantity of product, such as one m3 of sawn timber, to which results relate.
System boundary	granica systemu	Systemgrenze	Defined limit of the processes included in an LCA.
Module A1-A3	moduły A1-A3	Module A1-A3	Product stage of an EPD covering raw material to factory gate.
Allocation	alokacja	Allokation	Dividing environmental burden between product and by-products.
Residual biomass	biomasa odpadowa	Restbiomasse	Biomass left over from processing, eligible fuel in energy rules.
Ash	popiół	Asche	Mineral residue left after burning wood or bark.
Dust	pył	Staub	Fine particulate from sawing and sanding, collected for use or disposal.

Trade and compliance

Term	Polish	German	Definition
EUDR	rozporządzenie UE w sprawie wylesiania (EUDR)	EU-Entwaldungsverordnung (EUDR)	EU Deforestation Regulation requiring due diligence and geolocation for wood placed on the EU market.
Due diligence statement	oświadczenie należytej staranności	Sorgfaltserklärung	Declaration that the operator has assessed and mitigated deforestation risk.
Geolocation	geolokalizacja	Geolokalisierung	Coordinates of the plot where the wood was grown, required under EUDR.
Operator	operator	Marktteilnehmer / Akteur	Party that places relevant products on the EU market under EUDR.
EU Timber Regulation (EUTR)	rozporządzenie UE w sprawie drewna (EUTR)	EU-Holzhandelsverordnung (EUTR)	Earlier EU rule against illegal timber, replaced by the EUDR.
Chain of custody (CoC)	łańcuch dostaw (CoC)	Produktkette (CoC)	Documented tracing of certified wood from forest to product.
FSC	FSC	FSC	Forest Stewardship Council, a forest and chain-of-custody certification scheme.
PEFC	PEFC	PEFC	Programme for the Endorsement of Forest Certification, a second major scheme.
Forest certification	certyfikacja lasów	Waldzertifizierung	Independent audit that forest management meets a standard.
ISPM 15	ISPM 15	ISPM 15	International standard for treating wood packaging; heat treatment requires 56 degrees C core for 30 min.
Wood packaging material	opakowanie drewniane	Holzverpackung	Pallets, crates and dunnage regulated under ISPM 15.
Pallet	paleta	Palette	Load platform made from sawn timber, a large pallet-lumber market.
Phytosanitary certificate	świadectwo fitosanitarne	Pflanzengesundheitszeugnis	Document attesting that wood is free of regulated pests for import.
Incoterms	Incoterms	Incoterms	ICC rules assigning costs, risk and duties between seller and buyer.
FCA	FCA	FCA	Free Carrier, an Incoterm where the seller hands goods to the carrier.
CIF	CIF	CIF	Cost, Insurance and Freight, a sea-freight Incoterm.
DAP	DAP	DAP	Delivered at Place, an Incoterm where the seller bears transport to a named place.
EUR.1 movement certificate	świadectwo przewozowe EUR.1	Warenverkehrsbescheinigung EUR.1	Document proving preferential origin under trade agreements.
REX system	system eksporterów REX	REX-System	Registered exporter self-certification of origin under EU preferences.
Rules of origin	reguły pochodzenia	Ursprungsregeln	Conditions for goods to count as originating in a trade-agreement partner.
Tariff	cło	Zoll	Duty on imported goods, central in the Canada and China trade articles.
Anti-dumping duty	cło antydumpingowe	Antidumpingzoll	Extra duty on imports sold below fair value; the portal discusses US softwood lumber duties.
Softwood Lumber Agreement	porozumienie w sprawie drewna iglastego	Nadelholzabkommen	Canada-US trade arrangement on softwood lumber, expired and followed by duties.
HS code	kod CN / HS	HS-Code / Zolltarifnummer	Customs classification number of a commodity.
Combined Nomenclature (CN)	Nomenklatura Scalona	Kombinierte Nomenklatur (KN)	EU eight-digit extension of the HS code.
Customs declaration	zgłoszenie celne	Zollanmeldung	Formal statement to customs of goods being imported or exported.
Export licence	pozwolenie eksportowe	Ausfuhrgenehmigung	Permit for export of controlled goods.
Sawnwood trade balance	bilans handlu tarcicą	Schnittholzhandelsbilanz	Difference between export and import volumes of sawn timber.
Spot price	cena spot	Spotpreis	Price for immediate delivery, versus contract price.
Contract price	cena kontraktowa	Vertragspreis	Price agreed for a fixed period or volume.
Pricing per m3	cena za m3	Preis pro Kubikmeter	Standard basis for sawn timber price in Europe.
Board foot	stopa deskowa	Board Foot (BF)	North American unit equal to 144 cubic inches of wood.
MBF	MBF	MBF	One thousand board feet, a North American lumber price unit.
Eurostat	Eurostat	Eurostat	EU statistics office; its sawnwood dataset is the portal's main European source.
FAO	FAO	FAO	UN Food and Agriculture Organization, source of forest products statistics.
UNECE	EKG ONZ	UNECE	UN Economic Commission for Europe, publisher of timber market reviews.
Market cycle	cykl rynkowy	Marktzyklus	Swing of demand and price over several years.
Capacity utilisation	wykorzystanie mocy produkcyjnych	Kapazitätsauslastung	Share of installed capacity actually used.
Operating margin	marża operacyjna	Betriebsmarge	Operating profit as share of revenue, the economics measure of the portal's analysis.

Digital and AI

Term	Polish	German	Definition
Scanning	skanowanie	Scannen	Automatic recording of log or board shape and features for optimisation and grading.
3D scanner	skaner 3D	3D-Scanner	Device that records the outer shape of logs for sawing decisions.
Laser triangulation	triangulacja laserowa	Lasertriangulation	Optical method for measuring shape with laser lines and a camera.
X-ray scanner	skaner rentgenowski	Röntgenscanner	Device that sees density variation and knots inside logs or boards.
Computed tomography (CT)	tomografia komputerowa	Computertomographie (CT)	Imaging of the internal structure of logs, enabling internal-defect-based sawing.
CT log scanning	tomografia kłód	CT-Rundholzscanner	Industrial CT scanner at the mill infeed; the portal discusses its adoption and payback.
Optimiser	optymalizator	Optimierer	Software choosing the cut with the best value from scan data.
Value-based sawing	cięcie wg wartości	wertorientierter Einschnitt	Sawing decisions that maximise product value rather than volume.
Board scanner	skaner tarcicy	Brettscanner	Equipment inspecting boards for grade and defects after sawing.
Moisture scanning	skanowanie wilgotności	Feuchtescan	Automatic MC measurement of every board in the sorting line.
Machine vision	widzenie maszynowe	maschinelles Sehen	Camera-based analysis of images for defect detection.
Artificial intelligence (AI)	sztuczna inteligencja	Künstliche Intelligenz (KI)	Software that learns patterns, used for defect detection and grading.
Machine learning	uczenie maszynowe	maschinelles Lernen	Methods that learn models from data, as in grading predictions.
Deep learning	uczenie głębokie	Deep Learning	Neural network methods used in image classification of wood features.
Neural network	sieć neuronowa	neuronales Netz	Layered model used for pattern recognition in scan images.
Training data	dane treningowe	Trainingsdaten	Labelled examples used to fit an AI model.
Model validation	walidacja modelu	Modellvalidierung	Testing a model on data it was not trained on.
Predictive maintenance	utrzymanie predykcyjne	vorausschauende Wartung	Servicing planned from machine condition data, as in sawmill vibration monitoring.
Digital twin	cyfrowy bliźniak	digitaler Zwilling	Virtual model of a mill or line fed by live data.
Traceability	identyfikowalność	Rückverfolgbarkeit	Ability to follow a log or board through the process, needed for EUDR.
Log tracking	śledzenie kłód	Stammverfolgung	Linking a log's scan data to the products sawn from it.
RFID	RFID	RFID	Radio tag used to identify logs or packs automatically.
Barcode	kod kreskowy	Barcode	Printed code on packs for identification.
ERP system	system ERP	ERP-System	Enterprise software linking orders, stock and production.
Sensor	czujnik	Sensor	Device measuring a physical quantity, such as temperature in a kiln.
Industry 4.0	przemysł 4.0	Industrie 4.0	Concept of connected, data-driven production.
Digital product passport	cyfrowy paszport produktu	digitaler Produktpass	EU concept of digital data record attached to a product.
Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIR)	spektroskopia NIR	Nahinfrarotspektroskopie (NIR)	Method estimating wood properties from reflected infrared light.
Ultrasound	ultradźwięki	Ultraschall	Acoustic method used to estimate stiffness of wood.
Acoustic velocity	prędkość dźwięku	Schallgeschwindigkeit	Speed of stress waves in wood; with density, predicts MOE.
Dynamic MOE	dynamiczny moduł sprężystości	dynamischer E-Modul	MOE calculated from density and acoustic velocity or resonance frequency.
Resonance frequency	częstotliwość rezonansowa	Resonanzfrequenz	Natural vibration frequency of a board, used in machine grading.
Payback period	okres zwrotu	Amortisationszeit	Time for the savings from an investment to repay its cost.

Safety

Term	Polish	German	Definition
Machinery Directive	dyrektywa maszynowa	Maschinenrichtlinie	EU directive on safety of machines (2006/42/EC), replaced by the Machinery Regulation.
Machinery Regulation	rozporządzenie maszynowe	Maschinenverordnung	EU Regulation 2023/1230, replacing the directive from 2027.
Safeguarding	osłony zabezpieczające	Schutzeinrichtung	Guards and devices that prevent contact with moving parts.
Lockout-tagout (LOTO)	blokowanie i oznakowanie (LOTO)	—	Procedure that isolates energy sources and tags them before maintenance.
Emergency stop	wyłącznik awaryjny	Not-Halt	Control that stops a machine quickly in danger.
Risk assessment	ocena ryzyka	Gefährdungsbeurteilung	Systematic identification and rating of workplace hazards.
Personal protective equipment (PPE)	środki ochrony indywidualnej	persönliche Schutzausrüstung (PSA)	Equipment such as helmet, gloves and hearing protection worn against residual risk.
Hearing protection	ochrona słuchu	Gehörschutz	Earplugs or earmuffs against sawmill noise.
Noise exposure	narażenie na hałas	Lärmbelastung	Level and duration of noise to which workers are exposed.
Wood dust	pył drzewny	Holzstaub	Fine dust from sawing; hardwood dust is classed as carcinogenic in EU rules.
Occupational exposure limit	najwyższe dopuszczalne stężenie	Arbeitsplatzgrenzwert	Maximum airborne concentration permitted for an eight-hour shift.
Local exhaust ventilation	wentylacja miejscowa wyciągowa	Absauganlage	Extraction at the source that captures dust before it spreads.
Dust explosion	wybuch pyłu	Staubexplosion	Rapid burning of a suspended dust cloud in an enclosed space.
ATEX	ATEX	ATEX	EU rules for equipment and workplaces in explosive atmospheres.
Explosion zone	strefa zagrożenia wybuchem	Ex-Zone	Area classified by how often an explosive atmosphere is present.
Ignition source	źródło zapłonu	Zündquelle	Spark, hot surface or friction that can start a fire or explosion.
Fire prevention	profilaktyka pożarowa	Brandschutz	Measures that stop fires in stores, kilns and dust systems.
Spontaneous combustion	samozapłon	Selbstentzündung	Self-heating of residue piles, such as chips and bark, that can ignite.
Kiln safety	bezpieczeństwo suszarni	Trocknersicherheit	Measures covering hot air, steam and fire risk in dry kilns.
Confined space	przestrzeń zamknięta	enger Raum	Space such as a silo or bunker with limited access and air hazards.
Fall protection	ochrona przed upadkiem	Absturzsicherung	Rails and harnesses against falls from heights.
Forklift safety	bezpieczeństwo wózków widłowych	Staplersicherheit	Rules for driving, loads and pedestrian separation in the yard.
Log stack stability	stabilność stosów kłód	Stapelstabilität	Securing log piles against rolling or collapse.
Kickback	odrzut	Rückschlag	Sudden throw of the workpiece by the blade, a danger in saws.
Manual handling	ręczne przenoszenie ciężarów	manuelle Handhabung	Lifting and carrying loads by hand, a source of injuries.
Safety data sheet (SDS)	karta charakterystyki	Sicherheitsdatenblatt	Document with hazards and handling instructions for chemicals such as preservatives.
Machine guarding standard	—	—	Standards, for example EN ISO 12100, giving the basis for machine safety design.
Training	szkolenie	Unterweisung	Instruction of workers on hazards and safe working.
Accident rate	wskaźnik wypadkowości	Unfallquote	Number of accidents per workers or hours worked.
First aid	pierwsza pomoc	Erste Hilfe	Immediate care after an injury until medical help arrives.

About this glossary

This glossary was drafted by AI. Definitions are short syntheses based on the portal's fact-checked articles on log supply, sawing, drying, grading, preservation, residues, trade compliance, scanning and safety. Figures appear only where the articles give them, with the region named. Polish and German equivalents are standard forestry and timber terms where the drafter was confident; a dash means no confident equivalent was entered. Standards are paywalled, so definitions rest on catalogue and summary pages. Check the current edition of any standard, and the legal text of any regulation, before relying on a term in a contract or a compliance file. Read on 26 Oct 2026.

Jak sprawdzono ten tekst · sprawdzono 2026-10-26

Terms and definitions drawn from the portal's fact-checked articles read in a private work directory; Polish and German equivalents added from drafter knowledge, left as a dash when unsure; table structure checked by script.

Nie udało się zweryfikować

Cells shown as a dash (40 terms) have no confident Polish or German equivalent entered: Air-drying time estimate; Bow; Cant; Case hardening; Chipper canter; Compression failure; Crook; Cup; Dimension lumber; Edger; Equalising; FAS; Flitch; Gang saw; Hardwood grading; Hardwood sawmill; Headrig; Kiln charge; Laminated veneer lumber (LVL); Lockout-tagout (LOTO); Lumber grade stamp; Lumber recovery factor (LRF); Machine evaluated lumber (MEL); Machine guarding standard; Machine stress rated (MSR); PN-D-94021; Pin hole; Red heart; Resaw; Rough-sawn; Salvage harvest; Select grade; Slab; Softwood sawmill; Sorting line; Stacker; Trimmer; Wane; Wane defect; Wind shake
Not checked against a term bank: Polish 'kłoda tartaczna', 'trak ramowy', 'zgnilizna miękka', 'drewno zagęszczone', 'opieńka', 'sinizna'; German 'Profilzerspaner', 'Durchfallast', 'Stapellatte', 'Kondensationstrockner', 'Hallimasch'.
Standard numbers and class details (EN 338, 335, 350, 351-1, 14081, 1912, 384, DIN 4074, PN-D-94021, ISPM 15, EN 15804) rest on catalogue and summary pages, not on the paywalled texts.
Regulation citations (RED III, Machinery Regulation 2023/1230) and the carcinogen classification of hardwood dust are stated from the portal articles' summaries; check the legal texts.
Several general definitions (e.g. cell types, rot types, Incoterms) paraphrase common reference knowledge consistent with the portal's articles rather than a specific passage.

Źródła

Ostatnia aktualizacja: 2026-10-26