Assessment of Wood Mineralization for Silicate-Based Composites Using Bypass Cement Kiln Dust or Portland Cement

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Abstract

The incorporation of renewable and waste-derived materials into cement-based building composites is increasingly pursued due to environmental and sustainability considerations. One promising approach is the mineralization of wood matrices to suppress the leaching of soluble organic compounds that may interfere with cement hydration. This study compares conventional Portland cement (CEM) with bypass cement kiln dust (BCKD) as mineralizing agents for European larch and Norway spruce. Consistent with the commonly reported composition of BCKD, XRF confirmed high alkali and chlorine contents in the analyzed material (18.62 wt.% K2O equivalent and 10.49 wt.% Cl), indicating soluble alkali-chloride species that may accelerate hydration. Mineralization efficiency and leachability behavior were evaluated using pH and electrical conductivity measurements, complemented by FTIR spectroscopy and thermal analysis of dried leachate residues. Both mineralization systems produced alkaline environments, with BCKD-treated specimens reaching pH 9.6–9.9 after 1 h of exposure and remaining slightly alkaline after 14 days (pH 7.3–7.9). Compared with CEM, BCKD showed higher conductivity, reaching 2043 µS·cm−1 for larch and the instrument range limit of 2150 µS·cm−1 for spruce. FTIR and thermal analysis confirmed species-dependent differences in carbonate- and carboxylate-associated features and organic component release, supporting the technological suitability of both agents.

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