Green solutions: Eco-friendly wood preservatives for improving wood durability

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Abstract

Wood remains an indispensable material across construction, packaging, infrastructure, and furniture sectors due to its favourable strength-to-weight ratio, workability and renewable origin. However, its susceptibility to biodegradation by fungi, insects, moisture and ultraviolet (UV) radiation intensifies the global demand for effective preservation systems. Conventional chemical preservatives-especially creosote, pentachlorophenol (PCP) and chromated copper arsenate (CCA)-have historically provided long-term protection but pose significant ecological and human-health risks due to toxicity, bio persistence and leaching potential. Consequently, the transition toward green, non-toxic, biodegradable and sustainable preservatives has become scientific priority. This review synthesizes recent advancements in plant-based extracts, essential oils, mineral-derived preservatives, bio-polymers, nanomaterials and biological control agents. Case studies (tobacco waste extract, Ginkgo biloba leaf extract, mimosa/quebracho extracts, mistletoe and lichen extracts, and essential oils) are critically analysed for their antifungal efficacy, mass-loss reduction and overall durability performance. Innovative technologies such as nanotechnology, plasma treatment, thermal modification, genetic improvement and biocontrol strategies are also evaluated. Collectively, the reviewed evidence suggests that eco-friendly wood preservatives show substantial potential, particularly for indoor applications, although challenges remain in outdoor durability, long-term performance, cost-effectiveness and regulatory acceptance. The review underscores the need for further research into synergistic formulations, nanostructured carriers and fixation technologies to enhance environmental safety while ensuring robust wood protection.

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