The Nordic sawmill industry: Sweden and Finland

Why the Nordic pair matters

Sweden and Finland are the two largest Nordic producers of softwood sawn timber. According to the Nordic Council of Ministers' report Nordic Forest Statistics 2026 (using FAO data), Sweden produced nearly 18 million m³ of softwood sawn wood in 2024 (56% of the Nordic total) and Finland about 11 million m³ (34%) (Sweden and Finland, 2024; Nordic Council of Ministers, Temanord 2026:531, chapter 4, which cites FAO). Own calculation: together they account for about 90% of Nordic softwood sawnwood output (56% + 34%).

This article is a country profile for sawmill professionals. Every statement is marked with its country and year, every number carries a unit and a source, and provisional figures are flagged. Where I made a calculation myself it is labelled "own calculation". Where I could not verify a point in an open source, it is labelled "unverified" and collected again in the closing section. All checks were made on 26 October 2026.

Forest resource and harvest

Forest area and growing stock

The most recent comparable figures come from the FRA 2025 data compiled in the Nordic Council of Ministers' report (Temanord 2026:531, summary; growing stock from Luke and SLU, as cited in the report).

Source: Nordic Council of Ministers, Nordic Forest Statistics 2026, Temanord 2026:531, summary; FRA 2025; Luke; SLU.

Own calculation from the table: Sweden has about 127 m³ of growing stock per hectare of forest (3,552 million m³ / 27,934,000 ha), Finland about 114 m³/ha (2,578 / 22,543). The two measures are not strictly comparable, because definitions of "forest" and of growing stock vary between the national inventories and FRA, so treat the ratio as indicative.

The Swedish National Forest Inventory (SLU) reported in its 2025 release (Sweden, field data 2020 to 2024, published June 2025) that the timber stock is above 3.6 billion forest cubic metres, that growth has risen again after declining since 2012, and that harvest levels are falling from record highs (SLU, news release, 2025). The SLU release gave no numeric growth figure on the page I opened.

For Finland, Luke's National Forest Inventory (field data 2019 to 2021, published 15 November 2022) gave growing stock of about 2.5 billion m³ (2,529 million m³) on forest land and poorly productive forest land, a mean of 122 m³/ha on forest land, and an annual increment of 103 million m³ per year, about 4.5 m³/ha. About a quarter of the stock stands on peatlands (Luke, 2022).

Harvest

The Nordic Forest Statistics report gives industrial timber harvest (sawlogs and pulpwood, solid volume, energy logs excluded) as follows (Temanord 2026:531, chapter 3; underlying sources cited as Luke, Skogsstyrelsen, Statistics Sweden, FAO and Global Wood Trends estimates).

Source: Nordic Council of Ministers, Temanord 2026:531, chapter 3. The report attributes individual country figures to a mix of sources, not to one per country.

Trend over the five years to 2024, according to the same chapter: Sweden's harvest decreased by 3.7 million m³, Finland's increased by 3.5 million m³. Own calculation: the two countries' combined industrial harvest in 2024 was about 125.8 million m³ (70.4 + 55.4).

Ownership

Sweden

The Swedish Forest Agency reports the ownership of declared productive forest land for 2025, a total of just over 23 million hectares (Sweden, 2025; Skogsstyrelsen, Property and ownership structure).

Source: Skogsstyrelsen (Swedish Forest Agency), statistics on property and ownership structure, 2025. A small share could not be assigned and is excluded.

The same source reports 307,665 natural-person forest owners in 2025, down from 354,288 in 1999 (own calculation: about -13%). Their average holding was 36 ha (31 ha in 1999), the median 11 ha, and the average owner age 61 years (55 in 1999).

Finland

The latest published Finnish ownership statistics are for the end of 2016, and the series has since been discontinued (Finland, 2016; Luke, Ownership of forest land 2016). They show private persons holding about 60% of forest land, the state 26%, limited liability companies 8%, and other owners 5% (jointly owned forests 3%, municipalities 2%), with the shares summing to 99% because of rounding. There were about 620,000 private forest owners holding 344,000 forest property entities of at least two hectares.

Because the Finnish figures are from 2016 and the Swedish ones from 2025, the shares are not a like-for-like comparison. They suggest a larger state share in Finland (26%, 2016) than in Sweden (5% state plus 13% state-owned companies, 2025), and a larger share held by privately owned companies in Sweden (25%, 2025) than in Finland (8%, 2016).

Structure of the sawmill industry

Number of mills and size classes

I was not able to verify an exact current count of sawmills in either country in the open sources I used.

For Sweden, Skogsindustrierna's sawn softwood statistics (data to 2023) contain a structure chart for 1970 to 2020 that tracks the number of sawmills with more than 10,000 m³ annual production against total production. The chart axes run to 400 mills and 20 million m³, with reference lines for average production per sawmill of about 35,000 m³ and 150,000 m³, but the document labels no exact yearly values (Sweden, 2023; Skogsindustrierna, Sågade trävaror 2024 and Sawn softwood 2024). I therefore give no mill count.

For Finland, the Finnish Forest Industries Federation's statistics page shows a headline figure of 142 mills in Finland, but this refers to the forest industry in general and is not specific to sawmills, and no year is shown on the page (Finland, year not stated; Metsäteollisuus). I do not use it as a sawmill count. Luke has also published a statistic on small sawmills (not opened), and I could not verify what share of Finnish output comes from sawmills below any given size threshold. Both points are unverified.

Company concentration: verifiable examples only

Rather than assert market shares that I cannot verify, I list company facts that appear in the open sources I opened.

Sources: as listed in the right-hand column.

An older, undated Swedish Wood page lists Swedish companies and volumes, but without a year, so I do not use those numbers. I did not find a verifiable ranking of Sweden's or Finland's groups by 2024 or 2025 output. A ranking therefore is not given, and the statement that Vida is Sweden's largest group is Vida's own description.

Production and exports by year

Sweden

Skogsindustrierna's statistics give Swedish sawn softwood production at 18.9 million m³ in 2022 and 17.8 million m³ in 2023, and exports of 13.8 million m³ in 2022 and 14.0 million m³ in 2023 (Sweden, 2022 and 2023; Skogsindustrierna, Sågade trävaror 2024). Note that the document has inconsistencies: its header labels 14.0 million m³ as 2020 while the market section labels it 2023, and the English version similarly shows two different values for one year in its header. I therefore use the market-section values, which agree with the Nordic Council report's statement that 14.0 million m³ in 2023 was Sweden's peak export year (Temanord 2026:531, chapter 4).

For 2024, the FAO-based figure in the Nordic report is 17.8 million m³ of softwood sawn wood (Sweden, 2024; Temanord 2026:531, summary Table 3). For 2025 the report states that Swedish softwood sawn wood exports were 13.7 million m³ in the chapter text, while the summary highlights say 14 million m³ and its Table 4 attributes 13.7 million m³ to 2024. The sources are therefore inconsistent on which year 13.7 refers to, and I flag this as unresolved.

Independent data from Statistics Sweden, reported by the trade magazine Timber-Online, give exports of softwood sawn and planed timber in January to November 2025 of almost 12.7 million m³, just over 1% (172,000 m³) above the same period of 2024 (Sweden, January to November 2025). Own calculation: the January to November 2024 volume was therefore about 12.5 million m³.

Source: Skogsindustrierna (Sågade trävaror 2024); Nordic Council of Ministers (Temanord 2026:531); Timber-Online (January 2026). Note: the 2024 export figure and the full-year 2025 figure are not given consistently across the sources and are not tabulated.

Own calculation: production fell by 1.1 million m³ (about 5.8%) from 2022 to 2023, while exports rose by 0.2 million m³ (about 1.4%). Exports in 2023 were about 79% of production (14.0 / 17.8). Because exports are measured as trade statistics and production as an industry figure, the ratio is indicative only.

Swedish export markets

In 2023 the main destinations by share of Swedish sawn softwood exports were the United Kingdom (19%), Egypt (10%), the USA and the Netherlands (8% each), Denmark and Germany (6% each), and Norway, China and Japan (5% each); France, Algeria, Morocco and Poland followed at 3% each, with Belgium and Saudi Arabia at 2% each and other markets at 15% (Sweden, 2023; Skogsindustrierna). The shares add up to 103% (rounding in the source).

For January to November 2025, Statistics Sweden data show the following volumes and changes against the same period of 2024 (Sweden, 2025, not final; Timber-Online).

Source: Statistics Sweden via Timber-Online, 2026. The Great Britain figure is given as of the end of November 2025.

Finland

For Finland the Nordic report gives softwood sawn wood production of 11 million m³ in 2024 (summary Table 3: 10.9 million m³; FAO) and exports of 9.0 million m³, which the chapter text assigns to 2025, stating that they were up 11% from the previous year (Finland, 2024 and 2025; Temanord 2026:531). Own calculation: 9.0 / 1.11 gives about 8.1 million m³ for the previous year, consistent with Luke's trade statistics below (about 8.2 million m³ for 2024).

Luke reported Finnish sawn goods exports of 8.4 million m³ in 2023, with 48% going to Europe, a value of EUR 1.9 billion (down 27% year on year in real terms), the United Kingdom as the largest buyer by value (EUR 0.2 billion) and Egypt the largest by volume (1.1 million m³) (Finland, 2023; Luke, news release). For 2024 Luke reported export volume down about 2% from 2023 and an export value up about 7% in real terms to almost EUR 2 billion, with sawn goods making up 16% of forest industry export value; the main destinations named include Japan and China in Asia and Egypt and Algeria in Africa (Finland, 2024; Luke, news release). Own calculation: 8.4 million m³ less 2% gives about 8.2 million m³ for 2024, because Luke's 2024 release gave no absolute volume.

The Nordic report's Table 4 lists Finnish exports of 9.0 million m³ under 2024, while its chapter text assigns the figure to 2025. Given Luke's 2024 volume (about 8.2 million m³, own calculation), the 2025 reading looks more plausible, but that is my inference.

Luke's October 2023 outlook forecast Finnish sawn timber production of about 10 million m³ for 2023 (a forecast, not an outturn); I did not find Luke's later outturn.

Source: Luke (2023 outlook; 2023 and 2024 trade releases); Nordic Council of Ministers (Temanord 2026:531). The 2025 figures come from a secondary compilation and are not confirmed by the Luke or Finnish Forest Industries pages I could open.

Luke's provisional 2025 statistics show sawmilling industry roundwood consumption of 27.2 million m³, up 7% from 2024 (Finland, 2025, provisional). The page is ambiguous (+7% for sawmilling, +6% for sawlogs used by the whole industry), and I did not verify why.

Statistical coverage: Eurostat and FAOSTAT

FAO series are used here only through the Nordic Council of Ministers' compilation (FAO and Global Wood Trends). I did not open Eurostat or FAOSTAT directly, so I cannot confirm that the compiled figures match the databases to the digit.

Species mix

Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) and Norway spruce (Picea abies) supply almost all softwood sawlogs in both countries. The two countries differ in the balance, and in both the balance is moving.

Sweden: the SLU National Forest Inventory (2025 release) reports that Scots pine volume is rising and has overtaken Norway spruce, that spruce volume is declining, and that broadleaved species make up 20% of the stock (Sweden, 2020 to 2024 field data, published 2025). Skogsindustrierna's page on Swedish forests states that deciduous trees account for 18% of standing volume (year not stated), which is consistent in direction with SLU's 20% but not identical. I did not find numeric pine and spruce percentage shares in the pages I opened, so they are not given.

Finland: Luke's inventory (2019 to 2021, published 2022) describes the stand volume as about 50% pine, 30% spruce and 20% hardwoods (as stated in the description of Luke's infographic; the source calls it "per the infographic description") (Finland, 2019 to 2021). Forest industry roundwood use in 2025 was 46% pine, 39% spruce and 15% hardwood (Finland, 2025, provisional; Luke, Forest industries' wood consumption). That is for all forest industry roundwood, not for sawmills alone, so it must not be read as the sawmill species mix. Luke gave no sawmill-specific breakdown on the page I opened.

For the market, the species shift is already visible in current trade commentary. Fastmarkets reported for August 2026 that Finnish sawlog trading was nearly 16% below August 2025, with pine volumes down more than 21% and spruce about 12% on the year, and that pine faces oversupply relative to demand while spruce remains comparatively stable (Finland, August 2026; Fastmarkets, market report). In the same report, preliminary Swedish Q2 2026 sawlog prices fell quarter on quarter by 12% for pine (SEK 855/m³) and 9% for spruce (SEK 1,059/m³), with windfalls from the Christmas storms said to be still affecting pine supply (Sweden, Q2 2026, preliminary). I did not verify the storm or its volumes.

Technology level and automation

I could not find a single open, quantified benchmark of automation levels in Swedish or Finnish sawmills, so I do not give one. What I can document is a set of observations from the sources I opened.

Grading and measurement: Finland's wood information body Puuinfo states that most Finnish sawn timber is sorted by modern mechanical methods such as computer vision, frequency measurement, X-ray and ultrasound, while the traditional bending method sets strength class by measuring the modulus of elasticity of each piece (Finland, undated; Puuinfo). RISE states that most sawn timber in Sweden is visually graded, either manually or automatically, and that it advises sawmills on specifications when automatic systems for green sorting or final grading are procured (Sweden, undated; RISE).

CT scanning: Luleå University of Technology's CT Wood programme (page updated 16 August 2024) notes that some sawmills have adopted CT scanners for log optimisation, and lists research topics including efficient drying, AI-based knot detection for CT, predicting timber strength before sawing, and classifying wood sawability (Sweden; LTU). The European READiStrength project, in which RISE took part, aimed to move strength grading to the log stage by combining log X-ray and CT scanning with sawing optimisation and traceability, and tested 1,200 softwood logs from Sweden, Austria and Germany; the project budget was 1.01 million EUR and it started on 1 January 2019 with a duration of 39 months (RISE project page; the page's status field shows "Active", which does not match the stated duration).

Investment and closures: Vida reports capacity increases at Borgstena (420,000 m³ a year), Alvesta (275,000 m³) and Vislanda (330,000 m³) (Sweden, 2023 to 2024; Vida). In Finland UPM modernised the Korkeakoski line in summer 2025 before handing it to Versowood (Wood & Panel, 2026), and Stora Enso says its modern Oulu sawmill is ramping up while Veitsiluoto would need significant investment (Chemxplore, 2026). Reading these as a shift towards large modern lines and away from older units is my interpretation; three company examples are not statistical proof.

Grading and standards

Strength grading: INSTA 142 and EN standards

INSTA 142 is the pan-Nordic standard for visual strength grading of coniferous sawn timber. The current edition available through Standard Norge is NS-INSTA 142:2009, titled Nordic visual strength grading rules for timber, published in May 2010 and replacing the 1997 edition (Norway-based publisher of the Nordic standard; Standard Norge listing). It sets requirements for load-bearing timber in three groups by dimension, and the group for thickness 25 to 45 mm and width 50 to 75 mm covers grades T2 and T1 only. In Sweden the same rules are published as SS 230120, covering pine, spruce, silver spruce, larch, Sitka spruce and Douglas fir (Swedish Wood, Wood grades).

The T-classes are approved as equivalents to EN 338 strength classes: T0 to C14, T1 to C18, T2 to C24 and T3 to C30 (Finland, undated; Puuinfo; Swedish Wood agrees). Puuinfo adds that in Finland C14 to C30 can be graded visually or mechanically, that C35 to C50 must be graded mechanically, and that the most common classes in Finland are C18, C24, C30, C35 and C40. Mechanical grading follows EN 14081-1 and in Sweden yields C14 to C35 classes according to Swedish Wood.

Appearance grading and the Nordic Timber rules

Appearance grading in Sweden rests on the Nordic Timber Grading Rules for Pine and Spruce Sawn Timber, which underlie the Swedish handbook Grading of Sawn Timber (2020); that handbook divides sawn timber into seven classes, I to VII, with U/S (unsorted/sorted) a main grade covering unspecified proportions of subclasses OS I to OS IV, and V (fifths), VI (sixths) and VII as further main grades (Sweden; Swedish Wood, Wood grades).

The newest set of commercial rules is Commercial Grading of Timber (Swedish: Handelssortering av trävaror), developed by Swedish Wood and Svenskt Trätekniskt Forum together with the Finnish sawmill engineers' association Suomen Sahateollisuusmiesten Yhdistys and the Norwegian Treindustriens Tekniske Forening. Development of the Swedish handbook began in 2018 and the English version was launched in March 2020 (Swedish Wood, 2021 news item). RISE describes a family of rule sets in use at Swedish mills: the "Green Book", the "Blue Book" (Nordic Timber), the "Grey Book" (an update of Nordic Timber), EN 1611-1, and the "Black Book" (Commercial Grading of Timber, 2020), noting that most sawmills base their own sorting on one or more of them (Sweden; RISE).

This layered system means buyers should confirm which rule set and edition a contract refers to.

Research and development institutions

Skogforsk (Sweden), the Forestry Research Institute of Sweden, describes itself as the central research body for the Swedish forestry sector, doing demand-driven applied research funded jointly by the government and its members, with about 150 staff and areas including forest technology, raw-material utilisation, logistics, silviculture and tree breeding (Sweden, undated; Skogforsk). Its focus is the forest and wood supply side rather than mill processes.

RISE (Sweden) advises sawmills on appearance grading rules and on specifying automatic sorting systems, and took part in READiStrength (RISE pages). Luleå University of Technology's CT Wood programme, with Swedish Wood and Skellefteå Municipality among its partners, focuses on CT-based wood measurement (Sweden, 2024; LTU).

Luke (Finland), the Natural Resources Institute Finland, supplies much of the statistical backbone used in this article: the national forest inventory results, wood consumption statistics, trade releases and economic outlooks. I could not open Luke's "about us" page, so I do not describe its organisation or staffing. VTT (Finland), the Technical Research Centre of Finland, is named in the brief; my search returned only older VTT publications about wood, and I did not open a current VTT page about sawmill research. Its role in the sawmill sector is therefore not described here, and this is listed as unverified.

Sustainability and certification

Certified forest area for 2025, as compiled in the Nordic Council of Ministers' report from FSC and PEFC data (Temanord 2026:531, chapter 6, Table 21):

Source: Nordic Council of Ministers, Temanord 2026:531, chapter 6. Many areas are certified under both schemes, so the rows cannot be added.

Data caveat: the same report's summary gives Finnish PEFC-certified forest as 16,921 thousand hectares, not 16,292. Own calculation: 16,921 / 22,543 is 75.1%, matching the 75% stated, whereas 16,292 / 22,543 would be 72.3%. The 16,921 figure therefore looks like the correct one, and the 16,292 in the table looks like a transposition error, but I could not confirm with FSC or PEFC directly. Dual certification is not quantified in the report.

Sweden has a high FSC share (71%, 2025) alongside PEFC (59%), whereas Finland is mainly PEFC-certified (75%, 2025) with a small FSC share (12%, 2025). I have no verified figure for the FSC share of sawn output in either country.

Protected forest in 2025 is 2,591 thousand ha in all protection categories in Sweden (of which 2,171 thousand ha strictly protected) and 3,306 thousand ha in Finland (of which 2,669 thousand ha strictly protected) (Temanord 2026:531, chapter 6; Forest Europe SoEF 2025). Statistics Sweden's share for Sweden is 9.4% of all forest land formally protected (2024). The report gave no Finnish percentage. The units in the report table are labelled "ha" but must be thousand hectares given the values.

Challenges 2022 to 2026

Loss of Russian wood and the war context

Finland's trade pattern changed sharply after 2022. Luke reports that in 2023 imports of sawn goods fell in value by 68% to EUR 37.6 million and in volume by almost 90% after sawn goods were no longer imported from Russia; the EU supplied 79% of the remaining sawn goods imports, up from 13% a year earlier (Finland, 2023; Luke). Total wood imports fell 13% in volume to five million m³ in 2023, and pulpwood import prices rose 22% above the previous ten-year average (Finland, 2023; Luke). In 2025, provisional Luke data show imported wood used by the forest industry at 3.5 million m³ (-9%), about 5% of forest industry roundwood use (Finland, 2025, provisional). Sveaskog also named the end of Russian timber imports earlier in the decade as one reason for past price spikes in hardwood pulpwood (Sweden, December 2025).

Demand and prices

Luke's October 2023 outlook forecast a 4% fall in Finnish sawn softwood exports in 2024 with a 9% higher average export price, and 3% growth in production and exports in 2025 (forecasts, not outturns). Luke's later release reported a 2024 export volume decline of about 2% and a real value increase of about 7% (Finland, 2024).

Raw material costs and squeezed margins

The central problem of 2025 and 2026 has been the gap between log costs and sawn timber prices. In December 2025, Sveaskog, a large Swedish forest company, cut its price lists for the last quarter of 2025, with reductions in SEK per m³fub of 50 for pine timber and 25 for spruce timber in northern Sweden, 130 for pine timber in southern and central Sweden (spruce unchanged), 40 for softwood pulpwood and 90 for hardwood pulpwood. Sveaskog said its sawmill and pulp customers were in a very tough period; timber costs hit record highs in the first half of 2025 and sawn timber and pulp prices had not risen to match; it named high energy costs, fluctuating currencies, a cooling international construction market and weaker pine demand in the south (Sweden, 2025; Wood & Panel, 23 December 2025).

The Nordic report gives average softwood sawlog prices in 2025 of EUR 103/m³ in Sweden and EUR 113/m³ in Finland (Global Wood Trends), states that Swedish spruce sawlog prices rose 28% between 2023 and 2025, and that Finnish prices were 4% above 2023 (Temanord 2026:531, chapter 5). Own calculation: that implies a Finnish 2023 average of about EUR 109/m³. I did not verify the Swedish percentage against the underlying series.

Fastmarkets in its August 2026 outlook reports Swedish sawlog prices still considered high by many contacts, a Swedish analyst saying producers were losing money on every cubic metre, and Finnish standing-sale prices in August 2026 at EUR 77.35/m³ for pine and EUR 83.25/m³ for spruce (Finland, August 2026). These are single-source trade press statements, not official statistics, and the standing-sale prices are not comparable with delivered sawlog prices.

Curtailments and closures

2026 brought concrete closures. Fastmarkets reports that Stora Enso completed negotiations on permanently closing the Veitsiluoto sawmill in northern Finland on 16 September 2026, citing high regional raw material costs, and that Moelven decided on 8 September 2026 to discontinue its Årjäng sawmill in Sweden (Fastmarkets, August 2026 outlook as updated). The August 2026 Chemxplore article on Veitsiluoto reports that the plan covered about 60 employees and that pine sawing would move to other northern Finnish sawmills, mainly Oulu and Kalajoki (Chemxplore, 12 August 2026). The capacity figure (200,000 m³ a year for Veitsiluoto, 110,000 m³ for Årjäng) comes only from Fastmarkets and is not confirmed in company releases that I opened.

Weak profitability in Sweden

Lesprom (11 February 2026) reported that Swedish sawmills expected weaker profitability in 2025 as log costs stayed high; the full article is paywalled, so I rely on that opening summary only (Sweden, 2025).

Structural issues to watch

Interpretation, not sourced findings: Swedish spruce volume is declining (SLU) while pine is oversupplied in the market (Fastmarkets, 2026); the average Swedish private owner is 61 (2025); and exports took about 79% of Swedish production in 2023 (own calculation), so producers are exposed to currency, freight and trade-policy shocks. I did not verify the effect of any specific tariff or trade measure.

Sources used

Nordic Council of Ministers (Nordic Forest Statistics 2026: index, summary, chapters 3 to 6); Skogsindustrierna (Sawn softwood 2024; Sågade trävaror 2024; Swedish forests); Skogsstyrelsen (ownership 2025); SLU (National Forest Inventory 2025); Luke (wood consumption 2025, provisional and final; trade 2023 and 2024; outlook 2023; growing stock 2022; ownership 2016); Metsäteollisuus (two pages); Swedish Wood (wood grades; Commercial Grading; companies); Standard Norge (INSTA 142); Puuinfo; RISE (two pages); Skogforsk; LTU (CT Wood); Vida; Wood & Panel (two articles); Timber-Online; Fastmarkets; Chemxplore; Lesprom; ResourceWise. Full titles and links are in the source list of this record.

Limits of this article

• The web search quota ran out during research, so the technology and R&D sections rest on fewer sources than planned.
• I did not open Eurostat or FAOSTAT directly. FAO-based figures are quoted through the Nordic Council of Ministers' compilation, and that compilation shows internal inconsistencies about the year of the Swedish (13.7 versus 14 million m³) and Finnish (9.0 million m³) 2024/2025 export figures; the finnish PEFC area also differs between two places in the same report.
• No verified count of sawmills in either country, and no verified size-class distribution, were found. Skogsindustrierna's structure chart has no labelled values, and the Finnish "142 mills" figure refers to the forest industry as a whole.
• Company market shares and rankings are not given because I found no verifiable source.
• Finnish forest ownership data are from 2016 (discontinued series) and Swedish ones from 2025, so the comparison is not like for like.
• Finnish sawn timber production for 2023 appears only as a 2023 forecast; production for 2025 and Swedish production for 2025 were not found. Swedish 2024 exports and full-year 2025 exports are not given consistently.
• Employment in the sawmill industry, quantified automation levels, VTT's role and Luke's organisation could not be verified, and the corresponding content is limited or absent.
• Fastmarkets and Chemxplore items are trade-press reports; the closure capacities, the storm reference and the sawmill margin statements are not independently confirmed. The Lesprom article was only partly visible.
• Own calculations are labelled in the text; all rely on source numbers as printed and carry the uncertainty of those numbers.